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This book deals with issues of efficient utilization of natural resources, land and trees particularly in dry land areas. Government of India implemented the farm forestry programme, a component of social forestry programme since 1980, to involve farmers in tree plantation activities. Farm forestry programme was defined as the practice of forestry in all its aspects on farm or village land, generally integrated with other farm operation. It is a programme of planting of trees on bunds and boundaries of the fields of farmers and to be taken up by the farmers themselves. The programme persuaded farmers to grow trees on farmlands, farm bunds and particularly in environmentally fragile areas, by distributing various trees species, which attracted large number of farmers in several states. Considering the widespread adoption of the farm forestry programme by farmers particularly in Karnataka, this study has examined the development of social and farm forestry in India, assessed the economics of tree crops cultivated on farm vis-a-vis annual crops by using rigorous project appraisal techniques and other analytical tools, examined labour utilization and income generation, marketing aspects, and also environmental issues raised against certain tree species such as eucalyptus planted by farmers. Economic and environmental analysis of tree cultivation by farmers illustrated the profitability and other benefits accrued by farmers. The study suggests for promoting afforestation activities for efficient use and management of land and tree resources. The study will be useful for researchers, policy makers and practitioners.