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Biodiversity is the variety of all organisms; plants, animals and microorganisms inhabiting this planet. They are part of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Biological diversity possesses the enormous potential of being bio-wealth which has been used traditionally since thousands of years. There is urgent need for exploration and documentation of these bioresources of world, especially India. Plants are the most important repository of medicine. Many secondary metabolites of plants are commercially important and used as pharmaceutical compounds. Traditional and indigenous medicines are being studied in the field of medicinal plant research since emergence of human civilization. Over three quarters of world population relies mainly on plants and plants extracts for health care. Population rise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatment and development of multi drug resistance pathogens led to increased emphasis on the use of plant materials as a source of medicines for a wide variety of human ailments. Herbal drugs are considered as eco-friendly, economical, cost effective and devoid of all kinds of side effects. Indigenous people use many of the medicinal plants traditionally for treating their common ailments. There is a great need to explore the potential ethnomedicinal plants and document them before their extinction. Experimental verification of the claims of local healers need to be carried out to establish correlation between the claims and facts. Hence, documentation of the traditional system of medicine, pharmacological values & the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants available in India is need of the hour. This book will work as a compilation of the diverse bio-wealth of India used in traditional system of medicine. It highlights some of the common bio-wealth available in India. Hope this book will help the readers especially for the budding researchers.