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Synopsis The present book deals with the early philosophical speculations in the Indian subcontinent. The early thought structure is founded on the Upanishads; and it developed in the earliest of the Indian systems of philosophy, Samkhya and Yoga, which were also offshoots of the Upanishads. The metaphysical and psychological orientations of the Upanishads on the basis of spiritual absorption and experience have been the focus of attention in this book. The medicinal philosophy as crystallized in Ayurveda has emerged from the Samkhya-Yoga complex. A detailed account of this early line of thought has also been included here.