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This book is an interpretive study of the historical spectrum of India from 10th Century to the present period. This period witnessed rise and collapse of Muslim politico-military powers in India and gradual sprouting of Hindu nationalism and later germination of Muslim nationalism. Hindu aspirations to assert nationalism, cultural and religious identity, and achieve self-rule; and Muslim endeavour to assert separate identity as a distinct linguistic, cultural and religious and political entity; have been projected. Initial Hindu reaction to treat the British as deliverer and Muslim attitude of aversion led to disproportionate growth of Hindu and Muslim fortunes. The book interprets how the Ashraf Muslims and British connived to thwart the Hindu nationalists and perpetuated the Two Nation concept on the basis of religion, which finally fruited in dividing the people irreconcilably. The evolution of Muslim separatism since 1857 has been scientifically studied and discussed. Growth of Hindu majoritrainism and assertion of identity has also been chronicled.