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Synopsis Concern for environment is as old as human civilization. The traditional society took sanctity of environment for granted as a necessary pre-condition for the existence of human society. But this situation started changing after the industrial revolution when human society with the help of technologically advanced knowledge system started making significant changes in the whole environment and this gave the society an understanding that man will be able to modify the environment according to his will and need. Now need based development of the pre-industrial era has been replaced by greed based development which is marked by the rampant consumption of resources by the society. Under this changed scenario the environment is more stressed and degradation has started taking place. At the present era when man has technologically developed at a very higher lever and environment is getting degraded at an alarming rate, the very existence of human society is now at a stake. Even then, plunder of nature at the cost of human progress is continuing virtually unabated. We have lost the basic theme of human development or progress wherein the environment is considered as a living entity. This has resulted into serious environmental crisis and forest has become the most vulnerable area on the earth surface which suffered greatly due to human intervention in the form of clearing the forest for various types of crops, mining, industrial development, construction of dams etc. Anthropological Survey of India under the Tenth Five Year Plan has undertaken a National Project on Man in Biosphere and Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) has been selected for detailed study. The present title is outcome of this research and deals with the following problems: development of eco-tourism, anthropogenic threats and conservation of biosphere, biodiversity and sustainable development, peoples perception and traditional forest management etc.