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Synopsis Most studies of the tribal communities in India stress their social, economic, and political differences from communities that are organised on the basis of caste. It was this apparent contrast between tribal and caste lifestyle and, moreover, the paucity of material on tribal groups, that motivated the author to undertake this study of a poor tribal community—the Girasia—in northwestern India. While doing her fieldwork, she soon became aware that the traditional tribe-caste categories needed to be revised; in fact, she found them more often than not to be constructs by outsiders, mostly academic. Of greater importance for an understanding of the Girasia is the wider and more complex issue of self-perception and identification by others, which must be seen in the context of their poverty as well as in the strategic and shifting use of kinship, gender and class relations in the region.