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Synopsis The Saoras or Savaras or Lanjia Saoras are one of the oldest known tribes of India inhabiting in the hills of Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Saoras/Lanjia Saoras have been an extremely backward ethnic group dwelling in specific pockets of Koraput and Gajapati District of Orissa. They have a distinct socio-cultural trait that has been retained due to their inaccessible abodes situated in extremely difficult terrain. Lack of education, skill, hostile terrains, socio-economic backwardness, poverty and non-responsive to various development programmes pose serious problems in inducing rapid socio-economic development among them. The present study has centered on Lanjia Saora tribe of Orissa. It has dealt with socio-economic condition of a primitive tribe Lanjia Saora in Gajapati District of Orissa.