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The fourth and fifth volumes of the Global History of Philosophy are designated The Period of Scholasticism in order to stress that the scholastic method with its emphasis on thesis, antithesis, and attempts at synthesis became universal throughout Eurasia. Scholasticism should not be taken in the pejorative sense as the juggling of arguments by straw men, but in the sense of a challenge even in our own era to work for consistent and comprehensive systematic synthesis. All the "older traditions" need to be reinteerpreted in terms of "modern conditions"--which, after all, is what the Eurasian scholastics of these centuries were doing for their own time.

The major developments of this period are "Monism in Many Moods" during the ninth century, through "Exfoliation and Elaboration" of those seminal systems in the tenth and eleventh centuries unitl the time of the "Great Summas" in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It was during this time that philosophy and theology developed a very highly sophisticated technique of balancing arguments and refutations and counter-arguments and counter-refutations.

As is true of the whole series, these volumes are a new way of exploring the accumulative wisdom of mankind, and in the process explode many of the ethnocentric stereotypes which still hinder intercultural communications and world peace through intercultural understanding.