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Synopsis Conservation of artifacts is the need of the hour but equally important is its scientific study to understand better the materials used to make artifacts, their decay process, their method of making, by recording their present state of preservation through scientific photography using combination of visible lighting procedures besides using invisible radiations such as U.V., IR and X-rays to record even what is not seen by the naked eye. Various components of an artifact can be analysed and identified by using conventional methods of analysis or instrumental analytical techniques especially the non destructive techniques using latest strides made by Science & Technology over the last century. This would enhance our knowledge about the bigone days which would help mankind to know their ancestors better. Various dating technique of relative and absolute dating have also been described in detail. Prospects of research on material sciences and better conservation techniques has also been dealt, highlighting some of the studies those have been done in the recent past and future plans in this respect have been explained. Collaboration of various institutes (research as well as functional repositories) like museums, archives and archaeological departments has also been suggested in the interest of artifacts & advocating their comprehensive study about history of arts and sciences as related to our ancient and modern art works.