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The emergence and development of the Ethnomathematics movement continue to change our understanding of the history of evolution of plural mathematics on planet earth since the Neolithic age. Rediscovery and study of some of the neglected source texts have further energized investigations on the subsequent history of mathematical cultures, including those on the histories of algebra and analysis in some of the ancient and medieval languages of Asia, like Sanskrit, Arabic and Malayalam. Consequently, it is now possible to indicate some of the larger gaps in the dominant understanding of history of mathematics not only in Marx’s time, but also at the time of editing Marx’s mathematical manuscripts in the twentieth century, and even today. Finally, the emergence and development of mathematical and statistical software packages are vigorously reshaping our ways of conceptualizing and doing mathematics towards an unknown future. It is time now for taking yet another look at all mathematical text from the past and that includes the mathematical manuscripts of Marx. These texts have been divided into three parts. Part one contains some topical texts related to the history of emergence, development, editing, publication and reception of the mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx. Part two contains a selection of five articles reflecting some of the investigations inspired by these manuscripts in Russia, India and France. Part three contains five articles on plural mathematics before and after Karl Marx (1818-1883). The texts in this collection are followed by two appendices containing two bibliographies: one on Hegel and mathematics and, the other on mathematics and semiotics. 

Contents: Introduction. Part One: History: 1. Excerpts from letters. 2. Excerpts from reminiscences. Bibliography. Part Two: Investigations: 3. The concept of differential according to Marx and Hadamard/Valery Ivanovich Glivenko. 4. Marx’s “Mathematical Manuscripts” and development of history of mathematics in the USSR/Vladimir Nikolayevich Molodshii. 5. On the logical apparatus working in Karl Marx’s Capital and Mathematical Manuscripts/Vasily Ivanovich Przhesmitsky. 6. On the problem of situating Marx’s mathematical manuscripts in the history of ideas/Pradip Baksi. 7. The differential calculus, mathematicians and economists in the nineteenth century: K. Marx and H. Laurent, readers of J.L. Boucharlat/Alain Alcouffe. Part Three: Plural Mathematics: 8. Mathematics and its history in retrospective/Adolph-Andrei Pavlovich Yushkevich. 9. Nonstandard analysis and the history of classical analysis/Feodor Andreevich Medvedev. 10. The new structural approach in mathematics and some of its methodological problems/Georgi Ivanovich Ruzavin. 11. Reflections on seven themes of philosophy of mathematics/Vladimir Andreevich Uspensky. 12. Emergence and development of the concept of constructivisability in mathematics/Nikolai Nikolayevich Nepeyvoda. Appendices. Index.