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The rumen microbes have specifix requirements for both macro and micro minerals to meet the needs of strctural components od cells and for components of enzymes and co-factors. Little is known about the requirments of the microbial milieu for trace elements and as a 'rule of thumb' it is accepted that if the animal is not dedicient then it is unlikely that the rumen microbes will be deficient. The geographical distribution and the long time of buffalo evolution in the world on various management systems certainly influences the physiological and microbial characteristics involved in the whole digestive tract of animals.The ruminant nutrition has advanced in recent decades with the development of mordern techniques used in the study of the rumen ecosystem. The availability and extensive use of nutrients in the euman are essential for its effcient use by the animal host. When the rate of protein degradation exceeds the rate of carbohydrate fermentation, large amounts of nitrogen may be lost as ammonia, and conversely, when the rate of fermentation of carbohydrates exceeds the rate of protein degradation, microbial protein synthesis may be severely reduced bynitrogen limitation in the rumen. The text of this unique book provides to the readers the basic and applied understanding of rume ecosystem, function, assimilation of nutrients and metabolism.