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Gradual evolution of the state of independent India has been divided into three inter-related phases: the nationalist leadership during Phase I (1947-1991) had made every effort to build a modern, democratic, secular, capitalist state of India; during Phase II (1991-2014), the ruling classes had abandoned the earlier independent path of capitalist development in favour of integration with transnational finance capital and also opted for American model of market-led capitalism. What are the explanations for these ‘shifts’ from Phase I to Phase II? The third phase beginning with 2014 has witnessed a complete break with the past and the ruling social forces are attempting to establish Hindu Ideological State guided by the doctrines of Brahmanical Hinduism. An effort has been made to explain this new development beginning with 2014. Chapters in the book have dealt with all these three phases of seventy years of the Indian state.